Sentinel VoLTE Benchmarks

Benchmarks were performed using simulated network functions, and a real VoLTE cluster. The simulated network functions are run on separate physical hosts from the VoLTE cluster. The network functions (HSS, OCS, SCSCF) were simulated to abstract away performance considerations for these functions.

In our benchmarks the VoLTE cluster processed calls for both originating and terminating triggers. Each call is processed in exactly one trigger — either originating or terminating.

Benchmarks were run at 50% of maximum sustainable load level. This provides good call setup times (approximately 15 milliseconds), and allows for up to half a cluster to fail without causing cascading failures.

A representative sample of commonly invoked MMTEL features were used to select the callflows, for these scenarios:

Each test runs a total of x sessions per second, across all callflowsL

Call setup time (latency) is measured by the simulator playing the initiating role. For all CDIV scenarios, latency is measured from INVITE to final response. For the preconditions scenario, latency is measured from INVITE to 180.

Most commercial off-the-shelf systems available currently have a non-uniform memory architecture (NUMA). In NUMA, memory access times are not equal for all sockets and all memory locations. Memory access is fastest for memory directly attached to the socket. The JAVA virtual machine does not provide any mechanisms for controlling where memory is allocated on a NUMA machine.

NUMA combined with the JVM has significant implications for performance. The best performance can be achieved by always NUMA binding each Rhino node to a single socket. In all cases this provides better performance, and greater tolerance of node failure.

All hosts used for benchmarks have 2 CPUs using NUMA. 1-node-per-host test configurations do not use NUMA bindings. 2-node-per-host test configurations use NUMA binding to restrict each node to 1 CPU.

These configurations were tested:

Each test includes a ramp-up period of 15 minutes before full load is reached. This is included as the Oracle JVM provides a Just In Time (JIT) compiler. The JIT compiler compiles Java bytecode to machinecode, and recompiles code on the fly to take advantage of optimizations not otherwise possible. This dynamic compilation and optimization process takes some time to complete. During the early stages of JIT compilation/optimization, the node cannot process full load. JVM garbage collection does not reach full efficiency until several major garbage collection cycles have completed.

15 minutes of ramp up allows for several major garbage collection cycles to complete, and the majority of JIT compilation. At this point, the node is ready to enter full service.

The tests are run for one hour after reaching full load. Load is not stopped between ramp up and starting the test timer.

A basic VoLTE call, with no active MMTEL features. Radio bearer quality of service preconditions are used.

Callflow with Call Diversion active. B party rejects call, call is diverted to C party, C party accepts call, call lasts 50 seconds.

Callflow with Call Diversion active, and Originating Identity Presentation (OIP) feature active. B party rejects call, call is diverted to C party, C party accepts call, call lasts 50 seconds.

Includes specified privacy headers, to exercise the OIP feature.

Callflow with Call Diversion active. B party rejects call, call is diverted to C party, C party is not found, call fails.

Sentinel VoLTE configuration is unchanged from the out-of-the-box install, aside from the locations of the HSS and OCS.